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Fat Soluble Vitamins and Drugs

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The very concept that some substances are dissolved by water and others by oil is not new on the technical scene, but neither is it well understood by many people.  It is an important further factor in the detoxification of the human body that substances can be stored in fatty tissues -- these substances being the ones that are dissolved by oil, rather than water.   Finally, it is yet another, and further, datum that some oil-based substances are stored in the body (in the fatty tissues) but are then USED UP, even though stored in fatty tissues.  Thus, for instance, Vitamin A is one that stores in the fatty tissues, and is then withdrawn out of those tissues as the body needs vitamin A.  OTHER substances, such as DDT or PCBs, are also stored in the fatty tissues, but the body has no use for these substances and they are NEVER withdrawn from these fatty tissues for any valid use within the body.  These harmful chemicals (DDT, PCBs) DO leak out of fatty tissues (during times of sweating, for instance), but when that happens there is no beneficial use for them in the body -- and they do nothing more than cause harm after they have leaked out.

This page simply presents many very "ordinary" sources of information -- well known manufacturers, clinics and others who make reference, often casual, to the "well accepted" fact that these characteristics about various substances are valid.

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Abbott Laboratories Describes Vitamin E as a Fat Soluble Substance

Performing Science Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin E, the " Anti-Rust " Vitamin From Net Pets

University of California -- Riverside -- Vitamin D

DietSite.com -- Vitamin A

Drug smuggling in a waterproof coat

Marijuana Is A Fat Soluble Substance

Freebase Cocaine Is More Fat Soluble  -- Therefore More Stored In The Brain

Marijuana is fat-soluble and remains in cells

Cutoff and Detection Post Dose of PCP

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Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin. Therefore it is classified in the same group with vitamin A, D and K (nickname: ADEK). Due to its fat-soluble properties, we have to take it together with meals to maximize absorption. There are 8 substances in the vitamin E family. Amongst them, d-alpha tocopherol is found to have greatest ability in providing the body protection against diseases. It functions as an antioxidant in the human body. Research have shown that the antioxidant defense system may be important in protecting us from getting diseases like cancer, heart disease, cataract etc.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins Similarly, fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins A, D, E, beta-carotene and the essential fatty acids are dependent upon specific transport processes for their absorption. In the case of the fat-soluble nutrients, however, the transport processes involve emulsification by bile and then lymphatic uptake. (See Illustration 4.) The uptake of the fat-soluble nutrients as mixed micelle into the lymphatic system occurs in the form of chylomicron-sized particles which rapidly equilibrate with the plasma.8 For maximal absorption of the fat-soluble nutrients, incorporation into mixed micelles is necessary.9 The use of most fat-soluble vitamins as oral supplements is hindered by their poor absorption by this lymphatic route. Studies in normal humans have shown that only about 25 percent of the fat-soluble, oil form of vitamin E is absorbed into the lymph after an oral dose, and this is even poorer in patients with known malabsorption syndromes.10 Recently, Drs. Bland and Prestbo have determined that forms of the fat-soluble nutrient vitamin E are solubilized in water as a micellular solution promoted over two-fold enhanced absorption of vitamin E to that of the normal, oil-soluble delivery form.11 Similarly, Bateman and Uccellini found that vitamins A and E were both more rapidly and completely absorbed when delivered in a water-soluble form than in the oil-soluble form, indicating that rapid dissolution and uptake as mixed micelles and incorporation in chylomicra is important for enhanced absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.7

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When metals are exposed to air and moisture they rust. The oxygen from this exposure causes them to oxidize. If foods are exposed to oxygen as well, they go rancid. When this happens to living tissues we witness aging, disease, inflammation and cancer. In other words this process not only occurs to metals and foods but also to the tissues within living bodies. To prevent foods and tissues from oxidizing, Nature has provided the antioxidants. Antioxidants prevent oxidation or the "rusting" of foods and living tissues.

Vitamin E is one of Nature's powerful antioxidants. Vitamin E or alpha tocopherol, is a fat and oil soluble vitamin belonging to the group of compounds, the tocopherols that can prevent oxidation. What is an antioxidant? First we must discuss oxidation which simply is combining with oxygen. The rusting of metal and the brown spoilage of fruit or butter going rancid are examples of oxidation, combining with oxygen. Spoilage in other words. Nature's natural recycling process by decomposing materials to their basic elements.

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Historical Review

Man is reported to have been aware since early antiquity of the substance we now know as vitamin D. The first scientific description of a vitamin D-deficiency, namely rickets, was provided in the 17th century by both Dr. Daniel Whistler (1645) and Professor Francis Glisson (1650). The major breakthrough in understanding the causative factors of rickets was the development in the period 1910 - 1930 of nutrition as an experimental science and the appreciation of the existence of vitamins.

Considering the fact that now we accept that the biologically active form of vitamin D is a steroid hormone, it is somewhat ironic that vitamin D, through a historical accident, became classified as a vitamin. It was in 1919/20 that Sir Edward Mellanby, working with dogs raised exclusively indoors (in the absence of sunlight or ultraviolet light), devised a diet that allowed him to unequivocally establish that the bone disease, rickets was caused by a deficiency of a trace component present in the diet. In 1921 he wrote, "The action of fats in rickets is due to a vitamin or accessory food factor which they contain, probably identical with the fat-soluble vitamin." Furthermore, he established that cod liver oil was an excellent antirachitic agent.

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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin A	Vitamin E
Vitamin D	Vitamin K (Menadione)

VITAMIN A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is not essential to get a fresh supply each day since it is stored in your body fat. Vitamin A in high levels can be toxic. Vitamin A is measured in Retinol Equivalents (RE's). Retinol Equivalents measure the vitamin A activity of a food. Vitamin A is also measured in International Units (IU's), which is used for food labels and dietary supplements (5,000 IU is the recommended amount). RDA for adults is 800 (females)-1000 (males) REs. Breastfeeding requires about 500 RE more.

Vitamin A is composed of compounds called retinoids and carotenoids. Retinoids and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, are precursors of Vitamin A. Unlike Vitamin A, beta-carotene is non-toxic. Beta-carotene serves as an anti-oxidant, substances that offset potential damage from unstable compounds. These compounds are called free radicals, which are produced when the body burns fuel for energy. Free radicals cause cell damage that may lead to the onset of health problems. Current  medical research shows that foods rich in beta-carotene may reduce the risk of certain cancers and other diseases of aging.

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Drug smuggling in a waterproof coat

How do you stop a molecule getting dry? With an umbrella, of course, explains Philip Ball.
31 March 2000

PHILIP BALL

Chemists in Pennsylvania are inventing a new way of smuggling drugs. But with the best of intentions: they are trying to carry them into cells, where the drugs can exert their therapeutic effect. The trick is to hide the drug under a molecular-scale umbrella.

Cells are designed to keep foreign particles out. But they can be too protected for their own good -- there can be medical benefits from getting molecules through the cell membrane. More and more drugs are being made from relatively large molecules, particularly protein-like molecules called 'peptides'. For instance, short, synthetic stretches of 'nucleic acids', basically the same stuff as DNA, can help to regulate the behaviour of genes. And the technique of gene therapy, which seeks to correct genetic defects in cells, requires synthetic DNA itself to be smuggled into cells.

But it is hard to transfer a molecule from watery solution outside a cell to the watery cytoplasm inside. One of the main reasons is that water-soluble substances are not compatible with the fabric of the cell wall. The cell wall is made of two back-to-back layers of chain-like molecules called 'lipids'. The lipids present their water-loving heads to the inside and outside surfaces of the cell, leaving their fatty, 'water-fearing' tails dangling in between. Peptides and nucleic acids cannot easily enter this 'oily' inner region of the membrane, just as they won't dissolve in oil itself.

Several approaches have been explored for overcoming this problem. Small molecules can be transported through hollow, channel-like molecules inserted into the cell wall. For gene therapy, lipid-like molecules have been used to surround and chaperone DNA through the oily region. And certain viruses have been engineered to do the job, because they already have a specialized mechanism for squirting their own nucleic acids into cells.

One of the difficulties with giving molecules an oil-soluble coat to get them through the membrane is that to enter the watery cytoplasm on the other side they need to be able to shed it.

To achieve this, Steven Regen and colleagues from Lehigh University in Pennsylvania hit on the idea of making molecular umbrellas that close around a molecule, protecting it within the membrane, but that open up, releasing the molecule, once it has crossed over. But these are curious umbrellas, for although they only open in the 'wet' (that is, in water), they do so to expose their 'cargo' to the water, rather than to keep it dry.

To create an umbrella that would open and shut automatically in watery and oily environments, Regen and colleagues gave their molecular canopy a water-loving inner face and a water-fearing (oil-loving) outer face. The canopy is two hydrocarbon molecules shaped rather like gently curved leaves, on the concave faces of which are attached water-loving molecular groups. The 'leaves' are joined together at one tip by a short linking chain, the 'hub' of the umbrella.

The peptide to be smuggled is affixed to this hub, from which it hangs like the handle of the umbrella. In water the assembly floats with the 'leaves' open, exposing the water-loving faces. But in an oily medium like the inside of a cell membrane, the leaves close around the peptide so that only the outer hydrocarbon faces show.

The hydrocarbons make the closed molecular umbrella compatible with the lipid tails, allowing the molecule to pass freely through the cell wall. On the far side, the umbrella opens when it comes into contact with the cytoplasm. The bond holding the peptide to the umbrella's canopy can then be cut to release the 'drug' inside the cell.

In the Journal of the American Chemical Society1, Regen and colleagues show that this system works for transporting peptide 'drug mimics' into 'model cells' called vesicles -- cell-sized synthetic 'bubbles' with lipid walls. They are now testing it with genuine peptide and nucleic-acid drugs.

1. Janout, V., Di Giorgio, C. & Regen, S. R. Molecular Umbrella-Assisted Transport of a Hydrophilic Peptide Across a Phospholipid Membrane. Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, 2671 - 2672 (2000).

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Marijuana Is A Fat Soluble Substance

But cannabis was soon supplanted by morphine and the hypodermic syringe. The injection needle was seen as the modern way to deliver medicines and cannabis cannot be used in this way as it is fat-soluble not water-soluble - making injection very dangerous if not fatal.

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Freebase Cocaine Is More Fat Soluble  -- Therefore More Stored In The Brain

Crack is chemically the same as freebase cocaine but has the appearance of small rocks. This form of cocaine is called ³rock² due to its appearance, or crack because of the crackling sound made during the process of converting cocaine hydrochloride into this smokable form. Smokable Cocaine (Freebase and Crack) vs. Cocaine hydrochloride Because Freebase cocaine is more fat soluble than cocaine hydrochloride, it is more readily absorbed by fat cells in the brain than snorted cocaine.
 

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MARIJUANA:
Facts for Parents

• Marijuana is a serious threat—a dangerous, addictive drug. THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, is much stronger today than it was in the 1960’s. Stronger marijuana means stronger effects.
• The average age of first time use of marijuana in Nebraska is 13 years of age or under.
• Studies show that adolescents who use marijuana are at much higher risk to use other drugs.
• Marijuana is fat-soluble and remains in cells for weeks. The brain is one-third fat, and marijuana impairs thinking and concentrating skills, alters a person’s sense of time, and hinders short-term memory. Marijuana has triggered attacks of mental illness, schizophrenia, and bi-polar (manic depressive psychosis).
• [Karl Note:  Actually marijuana stays in the fat cells for decades, not weeks!]
• Marijuana impairs motor skills, coordination, perception and judgment. It is the cause of car crashes, injuries and trauma.
• Synthetic THC can be manufactured in a pill, suppository, or nasal spray forms for treating nausea, vomiting or AIDS-wasting syndrome. However, other, more effective medicines are available.
• Marijuana can lower testosterone levels, can decrease sperm count, and can reduce muscle mass in males. In females, marijuana can disrupt menstrual cycles and hormone production.

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[Karl Note:  PCPs are fat soluble drugs, but notice here that they can be detected ONLY in the blood stream, and are IN the blood stream only about 7 - 11 hours.  PCPs remain in the body after that, but only stored in the fatty tissues.  If enough of this type of drug were to "leak out" of the fatty tissues, they could give a positive test (in the blood stream) for this drug.]

Cutoff and Detection Post Dose of PCP

The immunoassay technique used to detect PCP in urine has a cutoff level of 25 ng/ml. PCP is cleared from the bloodstream with a relatively long half life of 7-11 hours. Because it is a lipid (fat) soluble drug, detection in the urine is possible up to 48 hours or longer post dose. Blood levels correspond much better than urine to behavioral effects, i.e. being under the influence, but urine is a better screening fluid since drugs are concentrated for elimination. Confirmation levels on GC/MS is 25 ng/ml.

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